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英美法系诉讼的显著特点 – 对抗制 adversary system

adversary system 是英美法系诉讼的显著特点,通常被译为“对抗制”,也称诉讼中的“当事人主义”。在对抗制下,被诉方首先被假定是无辜的,起诉方律师须举证证明自己的观点,被诉方对起诉方的证据进行反驳,庭审中通过交叉盘问来认定证据,法官在认定事实和证据时处于次要地位,被诉方更没有自认其罪的义务。与“对抗制”相对的是“纠问制”(inquisitorial system),这是大陆法系通常的诉讼形式,法官会主动参与事实与证据的认定,律师的作用明显小于“对抗制”的律师。

例1:In contrast to inquisitorial system, there is the neutral role of the judge in adversary system.

译:与纠问制不同,在对抗制中,法官的地位是中立的。

例2: The adversary system is a means of seeking truth and justice.

译:对抗制是一种寻求真相与正义的方法。

例3: The main advantage of common law system may rely on the adversary system.

译:普通法体系的主要优势就在于其对抗制

例4:A distinctive element of the Anglo – American judicial procedure is the adversary system.

译:英美法系司法程序的显著要素就是对抗制

例5:The adversary system requires two opposing parties who argue their versions before an independent and impartial arbiter.

译:对抗制要求对立双方在公正的裁判者面前主张各自观点。

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