有些词汇对律师或从事法律工作者与对普通读者具有截然不同的含义,我们称之为具普通词形态而无普通词意义的法律词汇。
例1. He was awarded $500 damages for the injury he suffered in the accident.
在这个例句中award和damage是法律上的用法。对于普通读者,award通常是给与某人的“奖励”,damage是造成的“损坏”。但对于律师而言,这两者,尤其是复数形式的damages,均属法律语域的专业词,前者为“法庭裁定”,后者为其所裁定的“赔偿金”。因此,该句译为:“他因事故而得到500美元赔偿金。”这类需要一定语境或上下文才能确定词义的词汇,通常都是普通英语词汇中的多义词。又如issue,这既是一个普通词,又是法律术语。其法律上的概念主要通过语境来确定。如:
例2.
1> The testator died without issue.
2> The parties could not agree on the issue.
3> The passport was issued by the Liverpool office.
4> Parties must wait for process to issue from the court.
上面四个句子中黑体的issue,只有在第一句中才是法律术语的用法,专指遗嘱中的“子嗣”,其余三个,虽然意思不同,但都是普通英语中的用法;
第二句中的issue意为(富有争议性的的)“问题”;
第三句中的意思是“颁发”;
第四句中的意思为“发出”
以下便是一些在特定语境中具有典型的法律概念的最常用的普通词:
普通词 | 专有的法律概念 |
action law suit | |
alien | transfer 让与、转让 |
avoid | cancel 撤销、废除 |
consideration | benefit to promisor or detriment to promise |
counterpart | duplicate of a document |
covenant | agreement or contract etc. |
demise to lease | |
demur | to file a demurrer 提交抗辩 |
executed | signed and delivered 签署并发表 |
hand | signature |
instrument | legal document 法律文书 |
letters | document authorizing one to act |
master employer | |
motion | formal request for action by a court |
party | person contracting or litigating |
plead | file pleadings呈递答辩状 |
prayer | form of pleading request addressed to court |
presents | this legal document |
provided | word of introduction to a proviso |
purchase | to acquire realty by means other than descent |
said | mentioned before |
save | except |
serve | deliver legal papers |
specialty | seal contract |
tenement | estate in land 不动产 |
如何辨别这些具有特殊法律意义的普通词汇?当然,这并非一件易事,除了上面的“语境分析”以外,可以作为补充的原则还有两条,
1. 熟悉所涉及的普通型词汇的专门意义。
2. 逻辑推理。
另外,在法律翻译常用词汇一文中,也有很多关于具有特殊法律意义的普通词汇的注释和简介。
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